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They made great inroads into Ireland until being decisively driven out by Brian Boru in the 11th century. DubhLinn meaning Black [dubh] Pool [linn] The Irish defeat the Vikings but Brian Boru is killed. Ireland was made a feudal possession of Henry II of England by Pope Adrian IV, the only English Pope. While away he sought help from English barons. Richard de Clare (known as Strongbow) agreed to lead an army to restore Dermait to his throne on the understanding that he will marry Dermait's daughter and become King of Leinster when Dermait dies. Alarmed at the prospect of Strongbow forming his own independent kingdom in Leinster the English king Henry II leads an army to Waterford. Strongbow submits to the king and is rewarded by being made Lord of Leinster. The treaty between King Henry II and Rory O'Connor the High King of Ireland granted Rory rule over all Ireland outside Leinster, Meath and Waterford. In return Rory submits to Henry as his overlord. John was declared Lord of Ireland by his father Henry II Fearing the English lords in Ireland are getting out of hand King John lead an expedition to Ireland to force them to submit. The Scots under Robert the Bruce's brother invade Ireland to open up a second front in their war with the English. Fearing that Ireland will be lost completely the English King Edward III sends an expedition under his son Lionel to subdue Ireland. However the expedition fails. This was an attempt to separate the Anglo-Irish and the Irish to prevent the Anglo-Irish losing their 'Englishness'. They were forbidden to intermarry. All Englishmen were commanded to speak English only and were forbidden to play Irish games. However the statutes had little effect. The Irish submit but rebel once he leaves Richard II returned to Ireland but this time without success The law stated that the Irish parliament cannot meet without the English king's permission and can only pass laws approved by the king and his council The Irish parliament made Henry VIII head of the Church of Ireland. However the Reformation makes little progress in Ireland. The vast majority of the Irish remain Catholic. Determined to assert his authority over Ireland, Henry VIII changes his title from Lord of Ireland. The Irish parliament assents. James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond, led a rebellion from 1569 to 1573. Following the death of James Fitzmaurive Fitzgerald, Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond, led a rebellion which lasted until 1583. Many prominent men leave Ireland. Afterwards their lands in Ulster are confiscated. The rebellion is crushed and yet more land is confiscated. The British government plans to settle large numbers of Scots and English on the confiscated lands to create a loyal population. It receives its charter this year. Oliver Plunkett was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland. He continued to preach despite English persecution. Wentworth was also known as Black Tom Tyrant The capture resulted in another massacre. He lays siege to Drogheda. When he captures the town townspeople are massacred and the town is plundered. His son-in-law Henry Ireton takes over. The act raises hopes that King Charles will return confiscated land in Ireland to the original owners. However, Charles shrinks from this policy fearing a Protestant backlash. The act forces most of the men granted land by Cromwell to hand over one third of it to compensate Catholics who did not participate in the 1641 rebellion but still had their land confiscated. Plunkett was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn for High Treason for promoting the Catholic faith. He was canonised by Pope John Paul II in 1975. The army of James II is defeated. The last part of Ireland to hold out for James II The act orders most of the Catholic clergy to leave Ireland. In fact many do not and in the 18th century Roman Catholicism is grudgingly tolerated. During the 18th century there is a huge growth of the linen industry in Northern Ireland. The famine lasted two years. About 400,000 people died. The famine lasted two years. About 400,000 people died. The act allows Catholics to lease land for 999 years. They are also allowed to leave their land to a single heir. The battle took place between 2 secret societies, the Catholic Defenders and the Protestant Peep O'Day boys. The Defenders are severely defeated. The rebellion is crushed at the battle of Vinegar Hill in June. Wolfe Tone commits suicide after being captured. The act joins England and Ireland (the act comes into effect in 1801) The act allows Catholics to enter parliament and to hold public office 1845-1849 Also known as the Great Potato Famine. Perhaps 1 million people die. Many more emigrate. The population of Ireland falls dramatically. The famine is at its worst in the West and Southwest of Ireland. The act greatly increases the number of people allowed to vote The rising was a rebellion against British rule, lead by the Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) It demands the 'Three F's', fair rent, fixity of tenure and free sale of land. Charles Stewart Parnell, leader of the Land League, declares that anyone who takes over the land of an evicted tennant is to be ostracised. The first recipient of this treatment is a Captain Boycott. Parnell was imprisoned for treason for calling for boycotts as a means of influencing landlords. Whilst in Kilmainham prison he urged Irish peasants to stop paying rent. Parnell was co-respondant in the divorce case of Kitty O'Shea. This scandal rocked the Land League but Parnell refused to resign or be removed. The party split in two as a result. 'A terrible beauty is born...' from 'Easter 1916' by W.B Yeats The IRA fights a guerrilla war against the British. The Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force (Black and Tans) were formed to reinforce the Royal Irish Constabulary and gained notoriety for violent tactics. The Government of Ireland Act forms 2 parliaments in Ireland. One in the North and one in the South. Both are to have their own prime minister. However both are to be subordinate to the British parliament. Sinn Fein win almost all the seats for the Southern parliament but they refuse to take their seats. Instead they carry on meeting in the Dail Eireann. The act makes Eire a republic 'The Troubles' refers to paramilitary violence in Northern Ireland Fourteen people in Derry were killed when the British 1st Parachute Regiment fired on demonstrators. The Paras claim to have been fired upon first but no evidence has been found to support this claim. The European Economic Community was a forerunner of the European Union
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